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| Henry L. Niman; Bruce R. Boynton. |
| Highly pathogenic Influenza A H5N1 was first identified in Guangdong Province in 1996, followed by human cases in Hong Kong in 1997. The number of confirmed human cases now exceeds 300, and the associated Case Fatality Rate exceeds 60%. The genetic diversity of the serotype continues to increase. Four distinct clades or sub-clades have been linked to human cases. The gradual genetic changes identified in the sub-clades have been attributed to copy errors by viral encoded polymerases that lack an editing function, thereby resulting in antigenic drift. We report here the concurrent acquisition of the same polymorphism by multiple, genetically distinct, clade 2.2 sub-clades in Egypt, Russia, and Ghana. These changes are not easily explained by the current... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Ecology; Genetics & Genomics; Microbiology; Bioinformatics. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/459/version/2 |
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| Henry L. Niman; Bruce R. Boynton. |
| Highly pathogenic Influenza A H5N1 was first identified in Guangdong Province in 1996, followed by human cases in Hong Kong in 1997 1,2. The number of confirmed human cases now exceeds 300, and the associated Case Fatality Rate exceeds 60% 3. The genetic diversity of the serotype continues to increase. Four distinct clades or sub-clades have been linked to human cases 4-7. The gradual genetic changes identified in the sub-clades have been attributed to copy errors by viral encoded polymerases that lack an editing function, thereby resulting in antigenic drift 8. We report here the concurrent acquisition of the same polymorphism by multiple, genetically distinct, clade 2.2 sub-clades in Egypt, Russia, and Ghana. These changes are not easily explained by the... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Ecology; Genetics & Genomics; Microbiology; Bioinformatics. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/459/version/1 |
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| Henry L. Niman. |
| The dramatic rise of oseltamivir resistance in the H1N1 serotype in the 2007/2008 season and the fixing of H274Y in the 2008/2009 season has raised concerns regarding individuals at risk for seasonal influenza, as well as development of similar resistance in the H5N1 serotype. Previously, oseltamivir resistance produced changes in H1N1 and H3N2 at multiple positions in treated patients. In contrast, the recently reported resistance involved patients who had not recently taken oseltamivir. Moreover, the resistance was limited to the H1N1 which had acquired H274Y. Using phylogenetic analysis I show that the fixing of H274Y was due to hitch hiking on a genetic background that acquired key changes from another circulating sub-clade. H274Y jumped from... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Genetics & Genomics; Immunology. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2832/version/1 |
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| Henry L. Niman. |
| The looming influenza pandemic has focused attention^1-4^ on the rapid evolution of H5N1 and other human and avian serotypes. The basic tenets of influenza genetics^5^ define gradual changes as drifts caused by point mutations created by a polymerase that lacks a proof reading function. More abrupt changes have been linked to reassortment, which shuffles the eight sub-genomic segments of the influenza genome in dually infected host. The complex evolution of these viruses has created a challenge in vaccine development. Swine influenza isolates from 2003 and 2004 have been identified^6^ that have acquired a human influenza gene, PB1. My analysis of the eight gene segments found large portions of two genes, PB2 and PA, which were identical matches with... |
| Tipo: Manuscript |
Palavras-chave: Ecology; Genetics & Genomics. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://precedings.nature.com/documents/385/version/1 |
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